THE PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN ACCENT IN “THE WAY BACK” MOVIE BY PETER WEIR

Many speakers around the world have their own way in pronouncing English words as International language. The unique way in pronouncing English words is called accent. This research aims at analyzing the deviances on segmental vowel quality and quantity made by the Russian speaker in The Way Back movie by Peter Weir regarding to English short and long vowels in Russian accent. The research method was descriptive qualitative method. The research data was collected from converted audio of The Way Back Movie by Peter Weir. The data was then trimmed, selected and extracted by Praat software analysis. The results show that the Russian speaker makes deviances in pronouncing English vowel quality and vowel quantity. The total amount of deviances is 169 deviances which are divided into three classifications; those are segmental vowel quality, combinatorial quality and segmental vowel quantity deviances. The deviance that is mostly made by the Russian speaker is segmental vowel quality deviance, whereas the deviance that is rarely made by the Russian speaker is combinatorial vowel quality. 


INTRODUCTION
Language is a source of communication. The language, which is frequently used in international communication is English language. English has become the widest spread language in the world. In the course of its spread, English has diversified by the local circumstances and cultures, hence there are different varieties and accents of English in every country. English has different accents from different geographical places. Differences of accent, on the other hand, are of in the pronunciation differences only. "No two individuals pronounce exactly alike. The differences arise from a variety of causes, such as the time in which they grew up, the area in which they now live, their early influences, social class, social surroundings, their level of education, and there are also individual peculiarities for which it is difficult or impossible to account" (Nurani and Rosyada, 2015:109 ]. All Russian vowels are shorter than English counterparts. Swan, et. al (2001) consider the two major features which distinguish the Russian sound system from the English's, such as the absence of the short-long vowel differentiation and the absence of diphthongs. In acoustic approach, Flege, Emil, and Hillenbrand (2000) state that vowel quality has a consistent duration which is not accurate in perceiving formant value. Vowel quality is not considered as duration of the vowel, since it results the ambiguous speech signal in spectrogram appearance. Formant value is the appropriate measurement of the length and duration of vowel quantity and its distinction. A formant is a concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency in the speech wave. Odden (2005:10) states that "Formant is an overtone caused by the resonance frequency of the vocal tract; a frequency band where there is a concentration of acoustic energy". Formant values which are independent of particular frequencies can be recognized and compared by using spectrogram reader in the high degree of reliability. According to Odden (2005), the frequencies of formant value can be seen in the spectrogram reader. The first formant (F1) of vowel /i:/ in 'seed' occurs at a lower frequency than the first formant of the vowel /i/ in 'sid'. However, the second and third formants (F2, F3) of vowel /i:/ in 'seed' occur at higher frequencies than F2 and F3 of vowel /i/ in 'sid'.
As stated by Wang, et al (2013) to measure the distinction among vowels is in acoustic vowel space area, defined by the first and second vowel formants. In measuring vowel, acoustic approach is suitable choice. "The best way of describing vowels is not in terms of the articulations involved, but in terms of their acoustic properties" (Ladefoged, 2003:104). Vowel quality and vowel quantity are not easy to be measured, unless we have measurement tool to interpret vowels and consonant sounds in our articulation. Vowel duration is usually interpreted and described in milliseconds.
In examining the vowel production in the accurate measurement, the expert considered to do experimental analysis such as experimental phonetic. Roach (2002) states that experimental research is carried out in all fields of phonetics studies. Experimental phonetic is one of the phonetic branches that examine segments of speech based on transmission of speech signal to the listener. The standard measurement in analysing vowel production based on the perspective of the listener is called Phonetic Transcription. Meanwhile, the standard measurement in analysing the exprimental phonetic is called formant as stated by Gonzalez (2004:278) as follows: "Formant or resonant frequencies of the supralaryngeal vocal tract, are dependent on the length of the vocal tube. The vocal tract is a part of the speakers' body and listeners are able to make use of speaker-specific information in the acoustic signal to estimate the speaker weight and height". The research on the sound deviances have been investigated, such as error analysis on English short and long vowels (Oktaviani, 2016) and improvement of English pronunciation of Russian English pronunciation (Art, 2014). This research focuses on the segmental deviances in pronouncing English short and long vowels of Russian accent compared to Received Pronunciation (RP) construction.
The data of short and long vowels sound production that have deviances were classified by adopting the theory of the area of pronunciation that examines the foreign accent by Anderson-Hsieh et al. (1992) who identify two aspects, namely: 1) Segmental aspects (vowel and consonant) are the areas in examining the foreign accent of English which are divided into two segments of analysis, that is, vowel quality and vowel quantity; and 2) Combinatorial aspects, that is, segmental aspects in examining the foreign accent, those are substitutions, insertion and omission of vowel quality.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of different pronunciation between Russian and English accent in this research is correlated to the amount of segmental mispronunciations in vowel quality and quantity based on the theory from Anderson-Hsieh et al. (1992). The degree of foreign accent is correlated to the amount of segmental mispronunciations, i.e. the amount of segmental deviances from the native speakers. The deviances that are observed within this pronunciation domain are categorized as segmental and combinatorial (i.e. substitutions, insertion and omission) of vowel quality and vowel quantity. After the deviances are classified, then they are reconstructed into segmental and combinatorial deviances into Received Pronunciation.

Segmental Deviances
The segmental deviances in this research are focused only on the exchange of characteristic of short and long vowels made by Valka, the Russian criminal in The Way Back movie by Peter Weir.                  F1  F2  F3  F1  F2  F3  iː  369  2302  2814  280  2249  2765  ɪ  370  1884  2653  367  1757  2556  E  462  1614  2324  494  1650  2547  ɜː  504  1505  2423  478  1436  2488  ae  471  1806  2566  690  1550  2463  ɒ  638  1382  2630  558  1047  2481  ɔː  629  1149  2724  415  828  2619  αː  504  1654  2381  646  1155  2490  ʊ  452  1516  2811  379  1173 uː  604  1361  2770  316  1191  2408  ʌ  783  1547  2640  644  1259  2551 From the table above, there are two results of formant value that will be compared. The result of the Russian speaker's formant value of 11 vowels is extracted by using Praat software in Hz (Hertz). The results show significant differences between Russian accent and RP in pronouncing short and long vowels. The relationship of vowel frequency between the first formant (F1) and the second formant (F2) shows the discrete differences in tongue position. The position for the first two formants of vowel in table 12 is not random. The horizontal dimension represents the frequency of F1 (the height of the tongue body) and the vertical dimension represents the frequency of the second F2 (the frontness or the backness of the tongue body). The real position of different vowel between Russian speaker and RP in oral cavity is converted to the auditory Bark scale and plotted on a figure of F1 against F2 to give a representation of the open-closed and front-back of the vowels in the figures below.

Vowel Quantity
The vowel quantity in this research focuses only on the segmental deviances analysis of duration in pronouncing short and long vowels sound made by Valka, the Russian criminal in The Way Back movie by Peter Weir.   There are various types of deviances made by the Russian speaker, dividing them into two classifications, that is vowel quality and vowel quantity deviances. The first deviance is vowel quality deviance which amounts 133 deviances from two classifications, that is, segmental vowel quality deviance which has total number of 101 deviances. Next, the second deviance classification of vowel quality is combinatorial deviance which amounts 32 deviances. The other types of deviances are vowel quantity of 36 deviances in segmental vowel quantity which amounts 23 deviances. Hence, the total amount of vowel quality and vowel quantity deviances is 169 deviances.
The domain deviance mostly made by the Russian speaker is segmental vowel quality deviance. Then, the second dominant deviance is segmental vowel quantity deviance. Meanwhile, the lowest deviance found is combinatorial vowel quality. The deviance in vowel quality is related to the exchange of the segmental vowels when pronouncing English words. Meanwhile, the deviance in vowel quantity is related to the duration of the vowels or the deviances in pronouncing short and long vowels. However, these deviances are acceptable since they do not change the meaning of the words. The listener may get misunderstanding about Russian accent in pronouncing English words. There are differences and the uniqueness of the Russian accent in pronouncing English language. Those differences can be found in the smallest segment of speech or phonology i.e. vowels and consonants. The major aspect of deviances is mostly found in vowels that are divided into vowel quantity and quality. Due to the lack of experience in pronouncing all 11 vowels in English language, the Russian speaker tends to replace and change the vowel. The difficulty in articulating diphthongal vowels and long vowels also becomes the factors that causing the Russian speaker has a unique and different way in pronouncing English words. Moreover, the Russian speaker articulates some consonant sounds that represent 't', 'd', and 'r' letter more dominant than long vowels and shortened the duration of long vowels become short vowels.
The duration of the vowels is measured in the spectrogram and the frequency of formant value that appears in the Praat software. The result shows the significant differences between the Russian and Received Pronunciation formant value of F1 and F2. The difference is shown in the different of tongue position of the long vowels. In pronouncing the long vowels in English, the Russian speaker cannot correctly grasp the articulation in the position of the backness of the tongue. Therefore, all long vowels are really difficult for Russian speaker to be articulated in the right way as Received Pronunciation. All of those vowels are commonly the most deviances that emerged in this research. In segmental vowel quantity, the Russian speaker often replaces the long vowels into short vowels. English vowel system possesses one sound, which is a long open-mid